Crisis and Risk Management Communication Qatar World Cup 2020

Background When the process of bidding for the 2022 FIFA World Cup started in 2009, the nomination of Qatar for the place to hold the event seemed quite legitimate due to the changes that the state has been witnessing over the past few years (Tabash Dhankar, 2014).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Crisis and Risk Management Communication: Qatar World Cup 2020 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Seeing that the current leader of Qatar, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, has been working on the relationships with the Gulf neighbors, the economic growth and reinforcement of the political stability of the state was expected, which means that Qatar was quite capable of managing the World Cup 2020 (Qatar, 2015). Therefore, the process of preparing for the World Cup 2020 was launched in the state. However, recent information leaks have pointed to the cover-up of deaths of migrant workers employed to build the stadium. Sinc e both parties have taken rather ambiguous stances in the argument regarding the death of the Qatar workers, the local authorities denying the incident blindly and the opponents making allegations unsupported by facts, the process of managing the conflict should be viewed as rather dubious. Instead of focusing on the actual source of the conflict and pointing to the problems that need to be addressed, both sides preferred to adopt a rather aggressive approach. Approached from the perspectives of image restoration and excellence theories, the problem in question may become solvable. Response The apologia provided by the Qatar state authorities can be deemed as an attempt to sweep the controversial information under the rug. While the willingness of the Qatar government to look innocent is quite understandable, the fact that the authorities’ statements conflict with the ones that cycle around the modern media exacerbates the situation for Qatar, creating premises for not only d epriving it of the right to hold the event but also the involvement in a major conflict. Indeed, most official statements issued by the Qatar government seem to dismiss the idea of it having any issues regarding the migrant labor. The specified strategy can be viewed as an effect of the short response time (Fearn-Banks, 2009, p. 6). Resulting from the lack of thought put into the response to the conflict factor, the state authorities’ attitude may seem to be rather careless and have a lack of thought. A closer look at the subject matter, however, will show that the reasons for the Qatar government to react the given way to the accusations spreading online are much more complicated than having little time to think.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Communication Analysis The key problem causing the ambiguity of the situation concerns the conflict of priorities in the spe cified scenario. Particularly, the FBI research of the problem points to the potential threat that the construction of the stadium poses to the workers employed by proving that numerous Nepalese employees died previously performing similar types of construction work. The Qatar authorities, however, seem to be misled about the specified claim, trying to prove that no accidents have occurred during the construction of the stadium so far. Failing to understand the gravity of the situation, The Qatar authorities clearly have a communication problem and, therefore, are unable to understand the concern of the states involved (Herwees, 2015). Therefore, the problem needs to be addressed primarily from the perspective of the theory of image restoration. The issue concerning the spur of the rumors growth should also be brought up. Although, according to the Qatari authorities, no accidents have occurred during the construction so far, numerous members of the press seem to have taken libertie s with the issue by making statements concerning hundreds of people dying in the course of the stadium construction (Reevy, 2014). Thus, the rumor regarding the actual accidents is gradually growing out of proportions, making the relationships between the parties involved very uncomfortable and fueling the conflict to the point where it goes out of control. Spreading these rumors any further presupposes that Qatar may lose the support and trust of the rest of the world; therefore, it is highly likely that the state officials along with the residents of Qatar may experience a downgrade in the economic development, political relationships, and financial stability rates. Discussion When it comes to defining the approach that the Qatari government uses to address the conflict, one should consider the adoption of the image restoration theory (Fearn-Banks, 2009). Suggesting that organizations should be aware of the opinion that the target audience has of them and their actions, the specif ied theory makes it quite obvious that developing a sustainable approach to managing a company is impossible without a thorough analysis of the existing rumors (Zeidan Fauser, 2015). Indeed, the contemporary IT communication tools allow for a fast and comparatively easy acquisition of the necessary data, its classification and the further adoption for the needs of a company Therefore, losing an opportunity to learn about the public opinion and using it to the advantage of an organization, creating a positive image thereof in the society would not be a sound attitude: Organizations sometimes take the attitude of â€Å"Don’t bring me bad news!† They might refuse to read or watch negative news coverage in specific publications or close their eyes to consumers or other publics. In refusing to know what some people think of them, they cannot possibly know how to respond. Organizations should seek bad news as much as they keep positive news clippings and read them carefully . (Fearn-Banks, 2009, p. 52).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Crisis and Risk Management Communication: Qatar World Cup 2020 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The approach of the Qatari government toward the issue in question can be viewed through the goggles of the theory in question. It would be wrong to claim that the state authorities have not spotted the conflict; however, they clearly cannot see the gravity of the situation, as they do not realize that their denial of any deaths occurring in the process of construction whatsoever only makes the conflict worse. In other words, the state government bodies are clearly in denial of the threat that they are currently facing. Thus, the Qatari authorities need to provide a decent visibility of the problem so that it should not be lit in the media in an incorrect manner or from a biased point of view. According to the existing theory of conflict, it is ess ential to make sure that the visibility of the problem should be attained. To be more specific, the representatives of the Qatar authorities must make sure that the key facts about the issue, and the essential factors that contributed to the development of the problem should be clearly visible to all the parties concerned. The significance of visibility is rather obvious; once the phenomenon in question is observed, the creation of rumors and the development of any further misconceptions become no longer possible: Leaders must be actively engaged during a crisis. They should be visible and accessible to media. They should be responsive to the needs of victims. They should be actively engaged in the response. This communication helps to increase the impression that the crisis is being actively managed and reduces the impression that the company has something to hide. (Fearn-Banks, 2009, p. 65) Seeing that the Qatar authorities have done none of the above-mentioned and, in fact, used the exact opposite strategy to sweep the information about the victims of the unfair employee contracts under the rug, very few members of the global economy trust them. Therefore, it is imperative that the state leaders should consider the idea of shedding some light on the problem. Specifically, it is highly desirable that the representatives of the Qatar government should make a public statement concerning the accidents occurring in the designated field and published the corresponding reports. It could be argued that the route which the Qatari authorities have taken with the problem under analysis could be analyzed from the perspective of the excellence theory.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the existing definition, the specified theory presupposes that the relationships with the target customers should be based on the strategy of avoiding any possible conflicts (Fearn-Banks, 2009). The theory, therefore, allows embracing not only the instances in which an organization honestly strives to maintain perfect performance rates and satisfy all stakeholders involved but also the situations that display the lack of balance. Unable to create the environment, in which conflicts cannot possibly exist, the company struggles to maintain the semblance of order (Fearn-Banks, 2009). Specifically, it is currently trying to create an illusion of perfect functioning so that the target audience could not get disappointed with the outcomes of the construction project and that the state authorities could not lose an opportunity to attract a large audience. Conclusion Although the conflict that the authorities of Qatar got involved in after accepting the responsibility of holdin g the World Cup 2020 and subsequently being accused of the breach of migrant workers’ rights seems to have spun out of control, it still can be resolved once the state authorities assume responsibilities for the wrong choices that they made. The dilemma that the Qatari government is facing at present is rather challenging as it requires that the state government should be very wise in the redesign of their crisis communication pattern. The wrong choices that they made in the course of their previous communications have made their situation even more complicated as the Qatari authorities will have to take back some of the statements made regarding the safety issue. More importantly, the people in charge should accept the blame for mistreating migrant workers and reconsider the strategy used for managing the relationships between the workers and the employers. In other words, the Qatar government should be honest with those involved about the role that it plays in the conflict. As soon as the guilty party comes clean the breeding ground for rumors will cease to exist, and no further escalation of the conflict becomes possible. The avoidance strategy that the state officials have chosen as the extension of the image restoration concept has obviously backfired, and the state representatives need another approach that will help them redeem themselves. Reference List Fearn-Banks, K. (2009). Crisis communications: A casebook approach (Routledge Communication Series) (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Herwees, T. (2015, May 20). Behold the staggering human cost of Qatar’s 2022 World Cup Games. The Daily Good. Web. Qatar. (2015). Web. Reevy, M. (2014, May 14). 4 reasons why Qatar really was a mistake for FIFA and the World Cup. Sports Cheat Sheet. Web. Tabash, M. I., Dhankar, R. S. (2014). Islamic banking and economic growth: An empirical evidence from Qatar. Journal of Applied Economics and Business, 2(1), 51–67. Zeidan, O. S., Fauser, S. G. (2 015). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility – the case of FIFA. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 13(2), pp. 183–192. This research paper on Crisis and Risk Management Communication: Qatar World Cup 2020 was written and submitted by user Juliet E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Response 1 Example

Response 1 Example Response 1 – Article Example Analysis In Misa’s Chapter, Long discusses how Leonardo Da Vinci struggled with his career to initiate long-term developments thatthe later centuries witnessed in the arts and architecture (Misa 1). The author highlights that the vision that the modern-day innovators embody has been inherent through human civilizations. Although Leonardo began his career as an architect and a military engineer, he was similarly successful in scientific invention and painting. The text analyzes Leonardo’s technological career within the context of a complimenting culture and politics. The author argues that Leonardo’s innovations were a reaction to the given his problems that his community was facing.This explains why most thinkers and artists such as Leonardo were close to the then governments. The governments who were participating in expanding and maintaining their gained territories required inventors to design tools for winning wars. In this sense, the thinkers were at the me rcy of the political decisions made by their leaders. The arts and scientific innovation were essential in cementing the legacy of reigns. Although the scientists were doing the principal activities, they lacked the political immensity that the ruling classes enjoyed (Findon and Groves 102). Political privileges could only be conferred the innovators and thinkers that the given administrations favored. The designs of courts and cities formed the basis upon which modern architecture developed. Although the political class used the innovators, the thinkers developed innovations that traversed generations. In addition, in spite of the common perception of technology as cumulative, several technologies that individuals use today possess traces in the medieval ages. This is demonstrable at Leonardo’s attempt at making an airplane out of a bat’s design (Moon 41). Works citedFindon, Joanne, and Marsha Groves. Science and technology in the middle ages. New York, NY: Crabtree P ublishing Company, 2005. Print.Long, Pamela O. â€Å"Power, patronage, and the authorship of ars: from mechanical know-how to mechanical knowledge in the last scribal age,† Isis, 88.1 (1997):1-41.Misa, Thomas. Leonardo to the internet: technology and culture from the renaissance to the present. New York, NY: JHU Press, 2004. Print. Moon, Francis. The machines of Leonardo Da Vinci and Franz Reuleaux: kinematics of machines from the renaissance to the 20th century. Dordrecht, NRT: Springer, 2007. Print.

Adolescents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Adolescents - Essay Example Developmental crisis refers to the problems that a person runs into in the course of the natural maturation process that require intervention therapy. The events that trigger the developmental crises come about during the maturation process. Therefore, one should view individuals in light of their developmental history. Erickson proposes some stages of development and among them is the adolescence stage that has the crisis of identity vs. role confusion. During their time, people ask themselves who they are in reality (Kanel, 2012). There are various crisis intervention strategies to solve the arising developmental crises. For instance, the best method to employ in dealing with identity vs. role confusion crisis is counselling therapy. One should carry out an assessment of the crisis first and examine it basing on the development stage. In addition, the person should for those factors that actively contribute to the difficulty and the victim’s perception of the events that trigger the crisis. Counseling at this stage should reflect on the client’s struggle with the developmental issues. The counsellor should ensure that the clients take caution (Kanel,

Discuss the role of the Foot Posture Index in the clinical assessment Essay

Discuss the role of the Foot Posture Index in the clinical assessment of the foot. Is this a reliable measure - Essay Example ric dimensions to predict certain concepts about the foot, and this can be enhanced by using a three dimensional model and approach to the foot (Choie, 1991). Advancements in technology and computers have allowed many to consider replacing the expert last marker with some type of computer design. Some individuals have created presentations of the foot in third-dimensional designs using Bezier curves (Lord, M., Foulston, J., & Smith, P. J., 1991). These types of models can help individuals in the grazing and sizing areas. Yavatkar (1993) created a model of a person’s foot using I-DEAS graphics and programming. He was able to create this third dimensional model of the foot by lofting four segments (forefoot to instep, instep to medial-lateral malleolus level, malleolus to lateral point of heel, and heel part) within the foot. One could determine the accuracy of this model by taking a look at the outside and indsie of the foot form. The volume outside was around 50 000 [mm.sup.3], whereas the amount within the foot was approximately 27 000 [mm.sup.3]. However, whether one can use this model to generalize is not efficiently known overa ll since he only used one foot for the model (DeBor, 1978). It is known, however, that aspects of computer-aided design have been used in order to make orthopedic shoe uppers as well as some custom footwear (Houle, Beaulie, and Liu, 1998). In order to make the approach to foot measuring more efficient, B-spline surface modeling techniques, regression and recursive methods to make a basic third dimensional foot model using basic anthropometric measures can be used. B-splines can be studied in order to create an example for using within the sphere of computer-aided design software. (Choi, 1991). Within this concept. B-splines are generally considered as the best curve or surface representation. This is usually because they have a very helpful set of properties, which include continuity, local shape controllability, spatial

Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizations - Research Paper Example Progas is also a product for the organization. Natural gas is also an important product for the company. Apart from natural gas, the London based organization has products like Petroleum, Motor Fuels, and Petrochemical and aviation fuels. In 2013 revenue of the organization was US$ 396.217 billion. As far as the revenue of the organization is concerned it is the fifth largest organization in the industry. The company is vertically integrated. BP over the years has done multidimensional works in the industry. The organization is engaged with exploration, production, distribution, and refining, trading and power generation. BP is public limited company and shares of the organizations are traded in London Stock exchange, New York Stock exchange and Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Political and economic factors are the two key factors as far as the external environment of the organization is concerned. The organization has multinational presence. Political stability is significantly important for the company (Ulph, 2011, pp. 45-47). Political situations of the different countries vary from each other. Political situation of USA is significantly different from the same of Somalia and Pakistan. When the organization takes any project overseas, it involves lots of human resources, finances and technologies. Political instability can be a significant matter of concern for the organization. Global political unrests can delay the projects of BP. It can be a significant barrier to success as far as the financial results are concerned. Global economic situation is also a key external factor for the company. If the economic situation of the world is sluggish then revenue of the organization can decline because sales figure of the organization will decline due to sluggish economic situations. On the other hand if the global economy is doing well then demands of the energy products will

Assessing the Effects of the Asteroid on Dinosaurs

Assessing the Effects of the Asteroid on Dinosaurs The most widely accepted cause for the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, at the end of the Cretaceous period, is the asteroid impact. The theory suggests that the impact of a giant asteroid, over 65 million years ago, wiped out the land roaming dinosaurs that inhabited the Earth for the entirety of the Mesozoic period (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). The impact of this giant asteroid had many catastrophic effects on life, habitats, environments, sunlight, and temperature, proving to be devastating on the life of dinosaurs (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). However, which of the impacts of this asteroid was most devastating to non-avian dinosaur life remains a question. An examination of several effects of the asteroid, will help us determine which factors proved to be most troublesome to dinosaurs, which effects could have been adapted and overcome, and which would pull out a critical peg in the food chain, thereby forcing the ecosystems stability to become unbalanced and dysfunctional. So, the a steroid at the end of the cretaceous period was destructive and disastrous, but what factors made it so detrimental to dinosaurian life? Firstly, why is the asteroid the most widely accepted theory as the cause of the dinosaur extinction? What evidence do we have that makes it convincing? The first piece of evidence that points towards an asteroid impact is the fossils of single-celled marine animals. Their fossil accumulation is fairly large, and their extinction appeared to be incredibly abrupt (Alvarez and Asaro,1990). This revelation is also evident in medium sized animals, as their extinctions also appear to be unusually abrupt (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). This abruptness suggests a sudden catastrophic event to be the cause of the extinction, rather than a gradual decline. Coupled with this, through study of strata by Jan Smith and Isabella Premoli, we see that the extinction could have been as short as 50-1000 years (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990).ÂÂ   But why is the cause of this rapid change an asteroid? The answer is in iridium. Iridium is an element that is quite rare in the earths crust, however it is quite ab undant in primitive stony meteorites. And upon studying the data from the time frame of the extinction, there appears to be drastically more iridium than in other time periods (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). About 95 sites throughout the world have confirmed remarkably high levels of iridium in the limestone sediments from that period (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). These elevated levels of iridium provide clear evidence for an extraterrestrial impact. The minerals apparent in this time frame are also indicative of an asteroid. Mineral spherules were found chemically altered in the KT boundary clay. These spherules started as basaltic rock (Alvarez, 1990). Now, an asteroid with this level of lethal power would most certainly leave its mark on the Earth. It is believed that this mark is the Chicxulub Crater in Mexico, a massive 180 km crater (Hildebrand, 1992). Knowing the magnitude of this mark will then help us determine what the effects were, and, ultimately, what were some of the most detr imental towards dinosaurian life. Before we assess the factors, however, we must first confirm that dinosaurian life was not gradually declining, or in the process of extinction, before this abrupt impact. For, if dinosaurian life was already in the downswing, then the asteroid impact may be regarded as less important, less detrimental, and no longer synonymous with the extinction of dinosaurs. While some studies seem to suggest that dinosaurian life was in a decline during the late Cretaceous period, one study in particular seems to suggest otherwise. The article, Dinosaur Morphological Diversity and the end-Cretaceous extinction explains how, in most clades, the disparity remained relatively consistent during the late Cretaceous (Brusatte, Butler, Preto-Marquez, Norell, 2012). It demonstrates how the carnivorous theropod, and small-medium sized, herbivorous dinosaur disparity was consistent throughout the period, showing no major changes in diversity (Brusatte et al. 2012). Also, the large sauropod dinosaurs withou t advanced chewing capabilities may have even seen an increase in disparity, while the ones with the advanced chewing abilities were showing a decrease (Brusatte et al. 2012). This suggests more of an evolutionary change rather than a trend towards extinction. The studies from the Hell Creek Formation that seemed to represent a decline in dinosaurian diversity before the end of the Cretaceous, may, then be perceived as a unique, local anomaly, rather than a representation of global diversity (Brusatte et al. 2012). For, it appeared that the diversity of species could differ based on geographical location, and one data set would not be an accurate representation of the period as a whole (Brusatte et al. 2012). Thus, the study confirms that the variability in dinosaurian morphology was, both clade and region specific (Brusatte et al. 2012), further exemplifying that the decline was not apparent throughout the globe. This information allows us to then make the assumption that dinosaurs were still, in fact, thriving at the time of the asteroid impact. Making the consequences that followed an unwarranted and unfair ending to a fascinating era in history. First consider the direct effects of the asteroid impact. The most immediate impacts of the asteroid would be devastating to the dinosaurs who found themselves unlucky enough to be near where it landed. An asteroid that was, theoretically, 10 km long, due to the kinetic energy, would create an explosion 10,000 times that of the entire worlds supply of nuclear power (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). The impact alone had the ability to create winds as fast as 1000 km/h near where the asteroid hit (Kring, 2007). This high wind speed would have the ability to create local fires, and wipe out vegetation and animal life in the area (Kring, 2007). These local fires had the energy to spread, likely, from 1500 km-4000 km from where the impact occurred (Kring, 2007). The mushroom cloud of this explosion would be approximately 10 kilometres high, have a temperature of up to 10 000 degrees Celsius, and would wipe out anything within sight of the fireball (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990) (Kring, 2007). It is a lso estimated that the dust in the air would be so dense that one would be unable to see their hand for several months after the explosion (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). This dust would cause major respiratory problems for any dinosaur near the explosion, and would likely render them unable to breathe. However, the only problem wasnt airborne, it was in water as well. Another detrimental effect created by the initial impact of the asteroid was tsunamis. Tsunamis enveloped the entire coastline of the Gulf of Mexico, reaching North America in the process (Matsui et al., 2002). The tsunamis were truly massive, extending to a height of 200 m and stretching along 300 km of coastline (Matsui et al., 2002). The tsunamis would first collapse onto the coast, a distance of 150 m inland, before receding powerfully back to the water (Matsui et al., 2002). These tsunamis would be catastrophic to coastal vegetation and dinosaurian life; however, the damage would have had more of a regional effect rather than a global one. The tsunamis were also present for little more than a day, making it not a recurring, long-term issue, but a short-term effect (Kring, 2007). While most inland dinosaurs were likely spared from these tsunamis, they did not, however, find themselves in the clear. Plant life, the vegetation that allows animals to breathe, thrives on the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, in turn, relies on sunlight. The significant levels of dust in the atmosphere would have spread rapidly throughout the planet, blocking out the sun, causing darkness and an impact winter (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). This blocking of sunlight was predicted to have killed anywhere from 57-80% of North Americas vegetation (Archibald, 2012). This kind of catastrophic massacre of vegetation would have been undoubtedly impactful on the herbivorous dinosaurs (Archibald, 2012). Especially, one might assume, large sauropods that required substantial levels of nutrients and energy to survive. And, according to the food chain, a loss of herbivorous dinosaurs would prove costly to the carnivorous theropods that fed on them. The dust from the impact also created atmospheric cooling, however, just how cold it made Earth is still in question (Kring, 2007). This surface cooling, however , didnt last long, and was eventually replaced by extreme temperature increases. These extreme temperature increases, once the dust subsided, were a result of the ozone destruction in the atmosphere. Ozone destroying Cl and Br can be produced from the vaporized projectile, vaporized target lithologies, and biomass burning (Kring, 2007), showing that lethal changes in nitrogen chemistry, created by the asteroid, leaked into the atmosphere. Over five times more chlorine that is required to destroy our current ozone layer was dispersed throughout the stratosphere at this time (Kring, 2007). A greenhouse gas that we have become so acquainted with in todays society, was also working with the same diligence after the asteroid impact. Water and carbon dioxide were released after the impact of the asteroid, and once the dust settled, the impact winter shifted into global warming (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). Carbon dioxide would have lasted longer than the dust from the impact, so its association in this sequence of natural disasters seems logically accurate (Kring, 2007). Based on evidence from carbon dioxide that was added to the atmosphere, it is projected that it would increase the global temperature anywhere from 1-7.5 degrees Celsius (Kring, 2007). Despite this evidence, it is unclear how large of an impact this global warming had on the dinosaurs, for the destruction of vegetation caused by the dust in the atmosphere appears to be the driving force behind the extinction (Archibald, 2012). But was the sunlight blocking mechanism of the dust the only damage inflicted by the aerosols? Dust had the capability to attack in a vertical, gravity driven onslaught on the helpless dinosaurs. Evidence shows that the impact of the asteroid can create nitric acid rain in the atmosphere (Kring, 2007). This acid rain would surely be devastating to any dinosaur that found itself under this caustic weather. It was even described as, an acid rain with a vengeance (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990), only reiterating the devastating effect the acid rain could have produced. Now, this acid rain may have not lasted long, for it is predicted that it only fell anywhere from a couple months to a few years (Kring, 2007). Nitric acid was not alone in its onslaught. It is believed it was coupled with sulfuric acid rain (Kring, 2007). The sulfuric acid rain emerged as nitric acids accomplice because the Chicxulub region was abundant in anhydrite (Kring, 2007). This deadly combination certainly sounds imposing, but much like the global warming, the magnitude of its impact on the non-avian dinosaur ex tinction is questionable. This is because acid rain is generally most effective against aquatic organisms, but aquatic organisms survived quite well through the K/T boundary (Archibald, 2012). Their survival serves to diminish the effectiveness of the acid rain. This is not to say that the acid rain was underwhelming, though, only that it was limited in its ability to cause a major extinction. One result of the impact that contributed to the dust was global wildfires. The severity, location, and longevity of these fires is, however, uncertain (Kring, 2007). The global abundance of soot suggests that the fires were almost everywhere. However, soot has the ability to travel through air, enabling it to settle in the ground where there wasnt a fire (Kring, 2007). Some model calculations also seem to suggest that the temperatures on the surface of the earth may have been hot enough to spark into a fire almost randomly (Kring, 2007). Our ability to predict the vastness of the global fires relies on our understanding of the mass of the ejecta, how easily the vegetation lights, and the rate in which it can spread (Kring, 2007). Depending on these factors, the wildfires may have been limited to more of a local fire, rather than a global one (Kring, 2007). The speculation surrounding the impact of global wildfires appears to be unpredictable and baseless, including the prediction of it destroying 25% of all biomass (Archibald, 2012). Overall, it seems the lack of evidence found in the minimal amounts of charcoal, and a limited fossil record, outweigh the theories of a devastating global wildfire (Archibald, 2012). These sources display that a wildfire was almost certainly local, but unlikely to be global. With all of these factors, now compiled, that followed the asteroids impact, can we come to a claim as to which was the most destructive? The dinosaurs extinction most certainly hinged on several factors, however, it appears that one in particular proved to be the most effective. The factor that most sufficiently damaged the survival of the thriving dinosaurians was, through the evidence above, the dust and aerosols that served to block out the sunlight. The loss of vegetation, sunlight, and heat directly drilled a fatal hole in the food chain. Losing vegetation, then herbivores, then carnivores, appeared to not only cause the ecosystem to dwindle, but caused it to be rid from non-avian dinosaurian life. The impact itself was an imposing warning, the dust was the main force of destruction, and the acid rain, global warming, wildfires, and loss of ozone were supplementary, inconclusive forces. Although this unimaginable series of events is approached with mostly scientific fascination and curiosity, and perhaps melancholy for the loss of dinosaurs, it could also be viewed as a notable and necessary precursor to the introduction of other lifeforms on Earth. For, without this dinosaur extinction, the tiny mammals that occupied the earth would be restricted in their evolution, ruled over, and unable to transition into vast abundance (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). Highly intelligent humans stemmed from the survival of these mammals, and, in turn, stemmed from the impact of that fatal asteroid 65 million years ago. List of Works Cited Alvarez, W., Asaro, F. (1990). An extraterrestrial impact. Scientific American, 263(4), 78-84. Brusatte, S. L., Butler, R. J., Prieto-MÃ ¡rquez, A., Norell, M. A. (2012). Dinosaur morphological diversity and the end-Cretaceous extinction. Nature Communications, 3, 804. Silver, L. T., Schultz, P. H. (Eds.). (1983). Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the Earth (Vol. 190). Geological Society of America. Archibald, J. D. (2012). Dinosaur extinction: Past and present perceptions. The Complete Dinosaur, 1027-1038. Kring, D. A. (2007). The Chicxulub impact event and its environmental consequences at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 255(1), 4-21. Matsui, T., Imamura, F., Tajika, E., Nakano, Y., Fujisawa, Y. (2002). Generation and propagation of a tsunami from the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact event. SPECIAL PAPERS-GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 69-78.

Pilgrimage for Christians :: Papers

Pilgrimage for Christians This question has a lot or arguments for both sides, which will be discussed here. The Christian Church itself is not entirely sure of whether or not pilgrimage should be practised, and different denominations have different views. Pilgrimage can help Christians a great deal. Pilgrims grow closer to God during pilgrimage and pilgrimages can inspire them to spread the word of God when they return from the trip. If there are having doubts over their faith in God, pilgrimages can make them feel close to God, and they can believe in him without doubt again. It is difficult to find arguments against pilgrimage in terms of what could be done in the time taken up by the trip, because pilgrimages do not take a long time now. A person's life could be dramatically changed by a pilgrimage and it could make them view the world in a completely different way, after only a few days of devotion to God. In defence of pilgrimage, it has happened for a very long time, since the start of the Christian faith, even though there is no reference to it in the Bible. Some branches of the Christian church, particularly the Roman Catholic church, judge matters on the Bible and on church traditions, which would make pilgrimage a good thing for the one reason that it has been going on for so long. There are also many reasons why pilgrimage is not considered a necessary thing for Christians to embark on. Some would argue that Christians' time should be spend helping people, preaching and encouraging other to adopt Christians beliefs. Some Protestants would also say that there is no real evidence of pilgrimage in the Bible, so it is not a Christian idea and should not happen. With the exception perhaps of the Holy Land, sites of pilgrimage are defined sometimes by only one witness who claims to have had a vision or a miracle. These sources cannot always be trusted, which makes some Christians critical of Pilgrimage. Others would argue, however, that